Cognitive Distortions are faulty thinking patterns that convince us of information that is simply not true. When unchecked or unconscious, we often react to ideas or thoughts that have no basis in reality. Chronic use of cognitive distortions can increase our depression and anxiety by reinforcing negative thoughts about ourselves or others.
While most of us use one or two faulty thought patterns periodically, those with anxiety and depression tend to rely on distorted thoughts that reinforce feeling poorly about oneself or circumstances.
In his groundbreaking book, Feeling Good, (Burns 1989) identified cognitive distortions as the primary culprits in exacerbating anxiety and depression. Therapists will use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to assist clients in learning how cognitive distortions contribute to an increase in anxiety and depression. Often referred to as " stinking thinking", cognitive distortions can perpetuate chronic negativity and feelings of hopelessness.
By understanding our faulty thinking patterns, we can identify triggers and learn strategies to reduce the influence or use of cognitive distortions.
Strategies to combat cognitive distortions include fact checks, identifying thoughts or emotions associated with distorted thoughts, and replacing distortions with more accurate realistic thoughts.
While it is easy to get caught up in negative thinking patterns when we are tired, stressed, or upset, others may be consumed by repetitive, negative thoughts. Below are the most recognized types of cognitive distortions.
Try identifying the thought patterns you use most frequently when not basing thoughts on facts. While we know feelings are not facts, we often forget that thoughts and ideas are also not facts.
THE USUAL SUSPECTS-Cognitive Distortions-(Burns, 1989)
1. All-or-Nothing Thinking: You tend to think in absolute, black and white categories. For example, “I won’t fit in” or “I won’t know anyone at the party”.
2. Mental Filter:
You dwell on the negatives and ignore the positives. For example, remembering only the person who didn’t acknowledge your hello as opposed to remember the dozens of people who did communicate thoughtfully.
3. Overgeneralization:
You view a negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat. For example, “This always happens to me, nothing ever works out.”
4. Discounting the positive:
You insist that your accomplishments or positive qualities don’t count. For example, “She only smiled at me because she felt it would be polite.” Or, you receive a multitude of positive feedback on your presentation but focus on one negative remark.
5. Jumping to Conclusions:
You conclude things are bad without any definite evidence. For example, “I know I am going to get in trouble because why else would my boss want to talk to me.”
a) Mind reading: You assume that people are reacting negatively to you. You believe you know what others are thinking without evidence.
b) Fortune-telling: You predict that things will turn out badly. You believe you know the outcome of upcoming events.
6. Magnification or minimization:
You blow things way out of proportion or you shrink their importance. For example, “I was destroyed when those people saw me trip coming up the stairs.” "I didn't notice anything, what are you talking about?"
7. Emotional Reasoning: You reason from how you feel: “I feel like an idiot, so I must be one.”
8. “Should” statements:
You criticize yourself or other people with “shoulds”, “shouldn’ts”, and “musts”.
9. Labeling: Instead of saying, “I made a mistake,” you tell yourself, “I am a jerk”, or a loser. You often speak of yourself in a derogatory manner.
10. Blame/Personalization: You blame yourself for something that you weren’t entirely responsible for, or you blame other people and overlook ways that you contribute to a problem. For example, “I let the conversation get awkward.” "Everyone was unhappy at the party because of me".
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It is important to understand how your thought patterns contribute to anxiety or depression. When we can identify faulty thinking, we learn how to challenge thoughts that send us in a downward spiral. Ask yourself is this a feeling or a fact? Remember that feelings and thoughts are not facts.
Today is a great day to consider new ways of thinking.